YDS ve YÖKDİL paragraf tamamlama soruları (çözümlü)

It has long been assumed that a sustained caloric deficit yields weight loss in direct proportion to its magnitude. Prolonged dieting, however, elicits a constellation of compensatory responses: resting energy expenditure declines by more than the reduction in body mass alone would predict, and circulating leptin falls precipitously. ----. Inasmuch as these adaptations may persist for years after the diet has ended, they go some way towards explaining why the majority of dieters eventually regain much of the weight they lost.

1. AThe body thus becomes progressively more efficient at shedding fat the longer a deficit is maintained

   Vücudun yağ yakmada giderek daha verimli hale geldiğini söylemek, enerji harcamasının beklenenden fazla düştüğü bilgisiyle ve telafi edici tepkiler fikriyle çelişir.

2. BConcomitantly, the hypothalamus reads the fall in leptin as a sign of starvation and intensifies hunger
3. CBecause leptin rises in proportion to fat loss, hunger tends to abate as the diet progresses

   Leptinin arttığını söylemek, önceki cümlede leptinin keskin biçimde düştüğü bilgisiyle doğrudan çelişir.

4. DThese responses, however, vanish within days of resuming a normal diet, leaving no lasting trace on the body's metabolism

   Tepkilerin birkaç günde kaybolduğunu söylemek, sonraki cümlede bu uyumların yıllarca sürebildiği bilgisiyle çelişir.

5. EWeight lost through dieting is, accordingly, almost invariably maintained once the deficit has been discontinued

   Kilonun neredeyse her zaman korunduğunu söylemek, diyet yapanların çoğunun kiloyu geri aldığı sonucuyla çelişir.

Corrections issued after a false claim has circulated seldom restore beliefs to their prior state, a phenomenon psychologists term the continued influence effect. ----. Such a narrative vacuum, the argument runs, is rarely tolerated by readers, who will revert to the discredited account rather than leave a causal gap unfilled. It follows that the most efficacious rebuttals do not merely negate the falsehood but supplant it with an alternative explanation of comparable coherence.

1. AOne prominent account holds that a bare retraction excises a causal link from a person's mental model of an event without furnishing anything to occupy its place
2. BOn another view, retractions fail simply because readers, having no stake in the matter, never register them in the first place

   Okur düzeltmeyi hiç fark etmiyorsa zihninde bir boşluk oluşmaz; sonraki cümledeki okurun boşluğu doldurmak için eski anlatıya dönmesi açıklanamaz.

3. CAnother account holds that even a retraction that supplants the myth with an equally coherent explanation leaves most readers unpersuaded

   Yerine tutarlı bir açıklama konan düzeltmede boşluk kalmaz; ayrıca bu cümle, son cümlede en etkili yöntem olarak önerilen yaklaşımın işe yaramadığını söyleyerek çelişki yaratır.

4. DIt has been suggested that the interval between exposure to a falsehood and its retraction allows the myth to consolidate in memory

   Burada söz edilen boşluk zamansal bir aralıktır; okurun neden-sonuç açığını eski anlatıyla doldurması anlamındaki narrative vacuum ile örtüşmez.

5. ESome scholars ascribe the effect to readers' distrust of the outlets that issue corrections, which leaves the original claim's credibility intact

   Kaynağa güvensizlik bir açıklama boşluğu yaratmaz; iddia güvenilirliğini koruduğu için okurun doldurması gereken bir anlatı açığı söz konusu olmaz.

Agenda-setting research, inaugurated by studies of the 1968 US presidential election, posits that the media exert their most potent influence not by dictating what audiences think but by determining what they think about. ----. Subsequent work extended the thesis through the notion of framing, whereby the particular attributes of an issue that coverage foregrounds shape how audiences evaluate it. The two strands together imply that a public persuaded of nothing in particular may nonetheless have its priorities substantially orchestrated by editorial selection.

1. AVoters' appraisals of the candidates, the researchers found, mirrored closely the evaluative slant of the coverage they had consumed

   Seçmenlerin adaylara dair değerlendirmelerinin haberlerin tutumunu yansıtması, medyanın ne düşünüleceğini belirlediği anlamına gelir; bu da ilk cümledeki tezle çelişir.

2. BThe issues that undecided voters deemed most pressing, the researchers found, bore scant relation to the prominence the media had accorded them

   Öncelikler ile haberlerin öne çıkardığı konular arasında ilişki bulunmaması tezi çürütür ve son cümledeki çıkarımı geçersiz kılar.

3. CEditors, the researchers found, had foregrounded precisely those issues that their readers had already identified as paramount

   Editörlerin okurların önceden belirlediği öncelikleri izlemesi nedenselliği tersine çevirir; paragraf önceliklerin editoryal seçimle biçimlendiğini savunur.

4. DThe salience that undecided voters attached to particular issues, the researchers found, tracked closely the prominence those issues had been accorded in the news
5. EThe researchers found that coverage altered not which issues voters prioritised but the attributes by which they appraised those issues

   Bu cümle sonraki cümlede ayrıca tanıtılan çerçeveleme etkisini anlatır ve gündem belirlemenin özü olan önceliklerin değişmesini reddederek ilk cümleyle çelişir.

Proponents of algorithmic risk assessment in criminal justice contend that statistical tools, unlike human judges, are immune to fatigue, mood and unconscious prejudice. This argument, however, presupposes that the data on which such tools are trained are themselves a neutral record of criminal conduct. ----. A model trained on arrest records may thus faithfully reproduce, and lend a veneer of mathematical objectivity to, the very disparities it was meant to eliminate. The question, accordingly, is less whether algorithms are biased than whose past decisions they have been taught to imitate.

1. AJudges, by contrast, are routinely required to justify their sentencing decisions in writing and in open court

   Hakimlerin kararlarını yazılı ve açık mahkemede gerekçelendirmesi verilerin tarafsızlığı tartışmasıyla ilgisizdir; thus ile gelen sonuca öncül oluşturmaz.

2. BIn reality, arrest records mirror policing priorities as much as actual offending
3. CStatistical tools have consequently been shown to eliminate racial disparities in pretrial detention altogether

   Eşitsizliklerin tamamen ortadan kalktığını söyler; oysa sonraki cümle modelin bu eşitsizlikleri yeniden ürettiğini belirtir.

4. DSuch tools can, moreover, be updated far more cheaply than judges can be retrained

   Savunucuların lehine ek bir avantaj sunar; verilerin önyargılı olduğunu göstermediği için thus ile gelen sonuç temelsiz kalır.

5. EFatigue and mood, after all, affect sentencing far less than is commonly supposed

   İnsan yorgunluğunun etkisini küçümser, yani yanlış öncülü hedef alır; tutuklama verilerinin neden eşitsizlik taşıdığını açıklamaz.

Hyperbolic discounting describes the propensity to devalue future rewards steeply over short delays but only gently over long ones. One corollary is preference reversal: a person who, a month in advance, prefers 110 euros in thirty-one days to 100 euros in thirty days may well, on the thirtieth day itself, seize the smaller, immediate sum. ----. Recognising this, sophisticated agents may deliberately curtail their own future options, much as Odysseus had himself bound to the mast before sailing past the Sirens. Commitment devices of this kind, from illiquid retirement accounts to apps that forfeit a deposit if a goal is missed, are thus best understood not as irrational self-restriction but as rational responses to anticipated inconsistency.

1. AExponential discounting, by contrast, predicts precisely such reversals whenever interest rates rise

   Üstel indirgeme zaman içinde tutarlı tercihler öngörür; tercih dönüşümünü ona atfetmek kavramsal olarak yanlıştır.

2. BThe individual's later self, in other words, will predictably overturn the plans that the earlier self judged optimal
3. CSuch reversals, however, are confined almost exclusively to laboratory experiments involving trivial sums

   Dönüşümleri laboratuvardaki önemsiz miktarlarla sınırlar; bu durumda emeklilik hesabı gibi gerçek bağlanma araçlarının rasyonel olduğu sonucu temelsiz kalır.

4. DThe larger reward, being objectively superior, is nonetheless chosen by the vast majority of participants in either case

   Büyük ödülün her iki durumda da seçildiğini söyler; bu, az önce anlatılan tercih dönüşümünü inkar eder.

5. EOdysseus, it is worth recalling, ultimately succumbed to the Sirens' song

   Odysseus'un Sirenlere yenik düştüğü bilgisi hem yanlıştır hem de kendini bağlamanın işe yaradığını gösteren benzetmeyi boşa çıkarır.

Nudges, interventions that alter the architecture of choice without forbidding any option or significantly changing economic incentives, have been embraced by governments as a low-cost alternative to regulation. Early studies reported impressive effects, with some interventions apparently raising savings rates or vaccination uptake by several percentage points. ----. A large meta-analysis of trials conducted by government 'nudge units', whose results were recorded regardless of outcome, found an average effect of barely one and a half percentage points, roughly a sixth of that reported in the academic literature. The discrepancy is largely attributable to publication bias, whereby journals disproportionately print striking positive results while null findings languish unpublished.

1. ASuch effects, moreover, have been shown to grow larger the longer an intervention remains in place

   Etkilerin zamanla büyüdüğünü söyler; bu, sonraki cümlede bildirilen çok daha küçük ortalama etkiyle çelişir.

2. BNudge units have consequently been disbanded in every country that established them

   Birimlerin her ülkede kapatıldığını söyler; oysa sonraki cümle bu birimlerin yürüttüğü denemelerin analizini aktarır ve böyle bir bilgi vermez.

3. CRegulation, by contrast, invariably requires lengthy legislative procedures

   Düzenlemenin uzun yasal süreçler gerektirdiği bilgisi konuyu dağıtır; etki büyüklüğü tartışmasına geçişi sağlamaz.

4. DThese findings have since been replicated, with comparable effect sizes, in virtually every subsequent trial

   Bulguların aynı büyüklükte tekrarlandığını söyler; bu, meta-analizin etkinin altıda bire düştüğünü göstermesiyle çelişir.

5. ESubsequent scrutiny, however, has suggested that these estimates were considerably inflated

In some jurisdictions, individuals become organ donors only if they take the deliberate step of registering; in others, every citizen is presumed to consent unless he or she formally declines. ----. Given that registering and declining entail comparable effort, a disparity of this magnitude can scarcely be attributed to differences in convenience; rather, it attests to the considerable sway that a default exerts over choice. Behavioural economists ascribe this effect partly to inertia and partly to the tacit inference that the default embodies the course of action endorsed by policymakers.

1. APublic attitudes towards donation, surveys indicate, differ only marginally between the two groups of countries, whatever their legal traditions

   Tutumların az farklılaştığını söyler ama sistemler arasında büyüklüğü belirtilmiş bir eşitsizlik sunmaz; this magnitude ifadesi göndergesiz kalır.

2. BConsent rates under presumed consent routinely top ninety per cent, whereas under explicit registration they rarely exceed a third
3. CDeclining, in the latter jurisdictions, typically entails protracted bureaucratic formalities

   Reddetmenin uzun bürokratik işlemler gerektirdiğini söyler; bu, iki seçeneğin eşit çaba gerektirdiği bilgisiyle çelişir.

4. DRegistration rates under the two regimes, perhaps surprisingly, tend to converge over time

   Oranların zamanla birbirine yaklaştığını söyler; bu, büyük bir eşitsizlikten söz eden sonraki cümleyle çelişir.

5. EFamilies, moreover, are customarily consulted before any organ is retrieved, irrespective of the system in force or the wishes the deceased recorded

   Ailelere danışılması her iki sistemde ortaktır; bir fark ortaya koymaz ve varsayılanın etkisine dair sonuca zemin hazırlamaz.

Long before the advent of the factory, rural households across Flanders and Westphalia spun and wove cloth for merchants who supplied the raw materials and marketed the finished goods, an arrangement known as the putting-out system. Proponents of the 'proto-industrialisation' thesis contended that such cottage production served as a seedbed for later mechanised industry, accumulating capital, commercial expertise and a labour force habituated to market discipline. ----. In several regions where cottage textiles had flourished most conspicuously, the arrival of factory competition precipitated not industrial take-off but deindustrialisation and a reversion to agriculture.

1. AThese advantages, it is now widely agreed, ensured that every district practising rural manufacture went on to industrialise

   Her bölgenin sanayileştiğini söylemek, sonraki cümlede anlatılan sanayisizleşme örnekleriyle açıkça çelişir.

2. BMerchants, for their part, favoured putting-out because it allowed them to supervise workers more closely than any factory could

   Fason sistemde tüccarlar işçileri fabrikadan daha az denetleyebilirdi; ayrıca bu bilgi sonraki karşı kanıtı hazırlamaz.

3. CThe thesis has accordingly been extended to explain the precocious urbanisation of the Flemish countryside

   Tezin genişletildiğini söylemek onu güçlendirir; ardından gelen tezle çelişen örneklerle mantıksal bir geçiş kurmaz.

4. DSubsequent regional studies, however, have cast doubt on whether such continuity was anything more than contingent
5. EIts critics, nonetheless, concede that cottage weavers were generally more prosperous than the factory hands who succeeded them

   Dokumacıların refahına ilişkin bir karşılaştırma, ev üretiminin sanayileşmeye yol açıp açmadığı tartışmasıyla ilgisizdir ve karşı kanıtı hazırlamaz.

Darwinian orthodoxy in the mid-twentieth century presumed that most heritable differences between species had been fixed by natural selection. When protein electrophoresis and, later, sequencing disclosed an unexpectedly prodigious amount of molecular variation within natural populations, this presumption came under strain. ----. Kimura's neutral theory accordingly proposed that the overwhelming majority of molecular substitutions are selectively inconsequential, being fixed or lost by genetic drift, a claim that by no means denies the role of selection in shaping morphology and behaviour.

1. ASuch variation, it was promptly established, was attributable entirely to artefacts of the electrophoretic technique

   Çeşitliliğin tamamen teknik bir hata olduğu saptansaydı görüş zorlanmaz ve Kimura'nın yeni bir kurama ihtiyacı kalmazdı.

2. BThis discovery, it was widely concluded, vindicated the view that virtually every amino-acid substitution confers some adaptive advantage on the organism that carries it

   Bulgunun seçilimci görüşü doğruladığını söylemek, görüşün zorlandığı bilgisiyle ve ardından gelen nötr kuramla çelişir.

3. CMorphological evolution, by contrast, was shown to proceed at a far more uniform rate than molecular change

   Morfolojik evrimin daha düzenli hızda ilerlediği iddiası konuyu değiştirir ve moleküler çeşitliliğin seçilimle açıklanamamasını gerekçelendirmez.

4. DMaintaining so much polymorphism by selection alone would, it was calculated, impose a genetic load no population could bear
5. EKimura himself, accordingly, abandoned population genetics in favour of field studies of morphology

   Kimura'nın alanı bırakması, hemen ardından onun nötr kuramı önerdiği bilgisiyle çelişir ve accordingly bağını kurmaz.

In The Gift, Marcel Mauss set out to understand why, in societies as distant from one another as Polynesia and the Pacific Northwest, gifts that are ostensibly voluntary are in practice obligatory. ----. To decline a gift, or to fail to reciprocate it in due course, was thus tantamount to a declaration of hostility, a repudiation of the very bond the exchange was meant to forge.

1. AHis answer was that such gifts concealed a calculus of profit, each party expecting to extract more than it had surrendered

   Kar hesabına dayalı bir açıklama, reddin neden kurulmak istenen bağın reddi sayıldığını açıklamaz.

2. BHis answer was that gifts were sanctioned by chiefly law, so that a refusal incurred a fixed fine rather than any social rupture

   Reddin sabit bir para cezasıyla sonuçlandığını ve toplumsal kopuş yaratmadığını söylemek, düşmanlık ilanı sonucuyla çelişir.

3. CHis answer was that recipients were free to decline, refusal being prized as a mark of self-sufficiency and restraint

   Reddetmenin övülen bir erdem sayılması, reddin düşmanlık ilanı olduğunu söyleyen sonraki cümleyle çelişir.

4. DHis answer was that, lacking money, these peoples had no means of settling debts other than by bartering goods in kind

   Takas armağan değildir; borç kapatma aracı olarak takas, armağanın bir bağ kurduğu ve reddin düşmanlık sayıldığı fikrini açıklamaz.

5. EHis answer was that something of the giver inheres in the thing given, binding the recipient to receive and, in turn, to repay